Monday 16 November 2015

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ( FDI) BONANZA TO INDIAN ECONOMY : 2015
India is the fastest growing economy among major Nations. The World Bank has improved India's ranking by 12 places in the 2016 Study of Ease of Doing Business. The Central Government has expressed its commitment towards three pillared aim of liberalization, ease of doing business and investor friendly business environment.

To take its initiative further, the Government has brought in FDI related reforms and liberalisation touching upon 15 major Sectors of the Economy. The salient measures covering these areas are:
i.                     Limited Liability Partnerships, downstream investment and approval conditions.
ii.                   Investment by companies owned and controlled by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)
iii.                  Establishment and transfer of ownership and control of Indian companies.
iv.                 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
v.                   Plantation.
vi.       Mining and mineral separation of titanium bearing minerals and ores, its value addition and integrated activities.
vii.                Defence.
viii.              Broadcasting Sector.
ix.                 Civil Aviation.
x.                   Increase of sectoral cap.
xi.                 Construction development sector.
xii.                Cash and Carry Wholesale Trading / Wholesale Trading (including sourcing from MSEs).
xiii.              Single Brand Retail Trading and Duty free shops.
xiv.              Banking-Private Sector; and
xv.               Manufacturing Sector 
Steadfast on its aims the Government in last few months has introduced many FDI policy reforms in a number of sectors prominent amongst these are Defence, Rail Infrastructure, Construction Development, Insurance, Pension Sector, Medical Devices, White Label ATM Operations, Investments by NRIs on non-repatriation basis and has introduced composite cap for foreign investment. These amendments are path breaking and has unfolded an opportunity for foreign investment regime in India.
Details of changes in some key areas are as mentioned below:

Construction Sector

i.              Conditions of area restriction of floor area of 20,000 sq. mtrs in construction development projects and minimum capitalization of US $ 5 million to be brought in within the period of six months of the commencement of business have been removed.
ii.           A foreign investor will be permitted to exit and repatriate foreign investment before the completion of project under automatic route, provided that a lock-in-period of three years, calculated with reference to each tranche of foreign investment has been completed. Further, transfer of stake from one non-resident to another nonresident, without repatriation of investment will neither be subject to any lock-in period nor to any government approval. transferring, or enabling the enjoyment of, any immovable property.

Defence Sector:

FDI enabled up to 49 % under automatic route and beyond that through the FIPB's approval. The government has done away with requirement of mandatory permission from the Cabinet Committee on Security for such projects. Portfolio investment and investment by FVCIs will also be allowed up to permitted automatic route level of 49 %.

Civil Aviation:
The Investment limits has raised from 74 % to 100 %, thus allowing foreign general aviation charter operators and large ground handling companies to set up their fully owned bases in India without going for joint ventures. The government has also allowed FDI up to 49 % for regional air transport services.
It has now been announced that Regional Air Transport Service will also be eligible for foreign investment up to 49 % under automatic route.
Single Brand Retail Trading:
The government has also announced the easing of several conditions for single brand retail trade and e-commerce. It has been decided that in case of state of art and cutting edge technology, sourcing norms i.e. 30 % of value of goods will have to be purchased from India - can be relaxed subject to government approval. The government also permitted entities who have been granted permission to undertake single brand retail through e-commerce. 
Limited Liability Partnerships:
100% FDI has been allowed under the automatic route in LLPs in sectors where 100% overseas investment is allowed. Further such LLP will also be allowed to make downstream investment in such entities where 100% overseas investment is allowed with no FDI linked conditions.
Plantation Activities including Coffee, Rubber, Cardamom etc:
 In line with Tea Plantation sector, the government has decided to open certain other plantation activities namely; coffee, rubber, cardamom , palm oil tree and olive oil tree plantations also for 100% foreign investment.
Broadcasting Sector:
The government has announced that100% FDI is now allowed (upto 49% automatic route and beyond that through government route) in teleports, direct to home, cable networks, mobile TV, headend in the sky broadcasting service and cable networks. FDI also increased to 49 per cent in FM radio through the government route.


Investment by Companies/Trusts/Partnerships Owned & Controlled by NRIs:
All investment by NRI’s and companies / trust/ partnerships owned and controlled by NRI’s under schedule 4 of FEMA (Transfer or issue of Security by Persons Resident Outside India) Regulations is deemed to be domestic investment at par with the investment made by residents.
Companies not carrying on any operations:
The Companies, which are not carrying on any operations are now allowed to undertake automatic route activities and can raise FDI without approval of Government. It has now been decided that for infusion of foreign investment into an Indian company, which does not have any operations and also does not have any downstream investments, Government approval would not be required, for undertaking activities, which are under automatic route and without FDI-linked performance conditions, regardless of the amount or extent of foreign investment.
Accordingly, the Government is moving towards its decided vision to make India a Global Manufacturing Hub.

Friday 6 November 2015

Moving towards an era of Listing Regulations from Listing Agreement

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015
Securities and Exchange Board of India (‘SEBI’) with the power conferred by SEBI Act, 1992 notified the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (‘Listing Regulations 2015’) on 2nd September, 2015, whereby an endeavor were made by it to align the present Listing Agreement with the Companies Act, 2013 and to fuse the scattered requirement under listing agreement for different securities in single piece of regulation. Further, obligations which are applicable to specific types of securities have been incorporated in separate chapters.
These regulations will be effective from 1st December, 2015 i.e. on ninetieth days of its notification, except regulation 23(4) and 31A which are effective from the date of notification. A shortened version of the Listing Agreement is also prescribed which will be required to be signed by a company getting its securities listed on Stock Exchanges.  Existing listed entities will be required to sign the shortened version of listing agreement within six months of the notification of the regulations.

Apart from this, the regulation 23(4) which requires listed company to obtain shareholders approval for all material related party transactions and abstain all related parties to vote on such resolutions whether the entity is related to the transaction or not and regulation 31A which obligates disclosure of Class of Shareholders and conditions for reclassification by the listed companies to be effective with immediate effect i.e. from 2nd September, 2015.

Applicability:
ü  Specified securities listed on Main Board or SME Exchange or Institutional Trading Platform; Non-Convertible Debt Securities, Non-Convertible Redeemable Preference Shares, Perpetual Debt Instrument, Perpetual Non-Cumulative Preference Shares;
ü  Indian Depository Receipts;
ü  Securitized Debt Instruments;
ü  Units issued by Mutual Funds; and
ü  Any other securities as may be specified by SEBI.

   Some of the Material Insertions under the Listing Agreement, 2015 are as follows:
  a. As per regulation 9, the listed company shall frame the policy for preservation of documents, classifying the documents into two categories atleast:- 
  1. Documents which shall be preserved permanently,
  2. Documents which shall be preserved for the period of 8 years atleast after the completion of the transaction.   
    The responsibility of deciding what documents to be grouped as “documents to be preserved permanently” and those “documents which shall be preserved for period of eight years atleast” has been casted on the board of the company and accordingly the board has to frame the policy for effective compliance of the provisions.

   b. To ensure the expeditious redressal of investor complaints, the listed entity shall file a statement giving the number of investor complaints pending at the beginning of the quarter, received during the quarter, disposed off during the quarter & remaining at the end of the quarter, within 21 days from the end of each quarter to the recognised stock exchange.

    c.  According to Regulation 30, SEBI has divided the disclosure of events to stock exchange into two categories:
ü  The material events, which needs to be disclosed without any application of the guidelines for materiality i.e. those events enlisted under Para A of Part A of Schedule III.
ü  The material events which shall be disclosed upon application of the guidelines for materiality mentioned under regulation 30(4) i.e. Para B of Part A of Schedule III. 

All such events shall be intimated to the stock exchange as soon as reasonably possible but not later than 24 hours from the occurrence of an event or information, for any delay the explanation shall be given.

    d.   As per Regulation 33, now irrespective of whether the subsidiary of the listed entity is listed or not, they need to submit Form A (for audit report with unmodified opinion) or Form B (for audit report with modified opinion) alongwith Form A or Form B with audit report for standalone financial results for the financial year, within sixty days from the end of the financial year. In case of submission of Form B (for audit report with modified opinion), the audit report will be review by Qualified Audit Report Review Committee who will analyze the case as referred by the Stock Exchange(s).

   e. In order to diminish the paper work, all listed entities are required to file the reports, documents, statements etc in electronic form only to all recognised Stock Exchanges.

   f.   To ensure proper information to shareholders, the SEBI has specified the list of documents to be disclosed on the website of the company within 2 working days of such change in content of the document and shall be there for a period of 5 years.

Some of the disparities between the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 in respect of Related Party Transaction
·    Under Companies Act, 2013 there are seven different types of transactions which if entered with related party will be termed as related party transaction however, as per listing agreement any transaction involving the transfer of resources, services or obligations between a listed entity and a related party will be termed as a related party transaction.

·         The Companies Act, 2013 exempt transaction/s entered with the related party if such transaction is at arm length price and entered in ordinary course of business of the Company unlike this the listing agreement provide no such exemption and every material related party transaction whether entered at ALP and in ordinary course of business will requires the approval of board of directors as well as of shareholders of the company.

·    The section 188 states that the shareholder shall not vote on the resolution in which he is a related party, due to the ambiguity in the provision, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs had clarified vide General Circular No. 30/2014 dated 17.07.2014, that only the related party in the context of the contract or arrangement was abstained from voting. However, the newly introduced regulations has abstained all related parties to vote on such resolutions whether the entity is related to the transaction or not, accordingly this point differs with Section 188 of the Companies Act.
·     
     Further, the company has to decide whether a particular person fall under the definition of related party as per list provided under section 2(76) & 2(77) of the Companies Act, 2013. However, in the Listing Regulation the company has to check the definition as mentioned under Companies Act, 2013 along with the criteria as mentioned under the Accounting Standard for ascertaining the applicability of related party provisions.

·     Apart from this all related party transaction requires the prior approval of the audit committee unlike the requirement of just approval of audit committee either prior or post under Companies Act, 2013.

·    All material related party transaction requires the approval of shareholders, any transaction with related party shall be considered material if the transaction(s) to be entered into individually or taken together with previous transactions during a financial year, exceeds ten percent of the annual consolidated turnover of the listed entity as per the last audited financial statements of the listed entity. This means that listing regulation prescribed the single criteria for different types of related party transaction, however, the Companies Act, 2013 has prescribed different threshold for different types of transaction which requires the approval of shareholder.

Keeping aside the mentioned differences between CA, 2013 and listing regulations, the SEBI with the introduction of this regulation has tried to provide ease of reference by consolidating into one single document different regulations for different types of securities listed on stock exchanges and also ensured ease and transparency in the regulations both as per the company as well as other stakeholders prospective.

Thursday 1 October 2015

ESOP AND SWEAT EQUITY UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013
(BENEFIT TOOLS FOR THE EMPLOYEES OF THE COMPANIES)
ESOPs and Sweat equity shares are the management techniques (tools) offered by the companies which act as an incentive scheme to the professionals of such companies.

·         CORE POINTS ON ESOPS AND SWEAT EQUITY-

“Sweat equity shares” means such equity shares as are issued by a company to its directors or employees at a discount or for consideration, other than cash, for providing their know-how or making available rights in the nature of intellectual property rights or value additions, by whatever name called.”
The term ‘know-how’ is not restricted to technical know-how but can extend to practical knowledge, skill and expertise. Hence, imparting practical knowledge to the company would be considered as value addition. (“Value Addition” means actual or anticipated economic benefits derived or to be derived by the company from an expert or a professional for providing know how or making available rights in the nature of intellectual property rights, by such person to whom sweat equity is being issued for which the consideration is not paid or included in the normal remuneration payable under the contract of employment, in the case of an employee.)

“Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) )“employee stock option” means the option given to the whole-time Directors, Officers or employees of a company which gives such Directors, Officers or employees, the benefit or right to purchase or subscribe at a future date, the securities offered by the company at a predetermined price .
The consideration for ESOP can be decided by company based upon the value of company, which may be just face value also.
It is a benefit plan for employees which make them owners of stocks in the company. This scheme is used by the companies to reward, motivate, remunerate and retain their employees.
Sweat Equity can be issued to the promoters of the Company whereas ESOS/ESOP cannot be issued to the promoters or promoter group.          
ESOP and Sweat Equity are governed by Section 62 and Section 54 respectively of the Companies Act 2013 read with the rules made thereunder.

·         Difference in the meaning of Employees for the purpose of ESOPs and Sweat Equity-
FOR ESOPs
“Employee” means
a)      A permanent employee of the company who has been working in India or outside India; or
b)      A director of the company, whether a whole time director or not but excluding an independent director; or
c)      An employee as defined in sub-clauses (a) or (b) of a subsidiary, in India or outside India, or of a holding company but does not include-
      (i) an employee who is a promoter or a person belonging to the promoter group; or 
      (ii)a director who either by himself or through his relative or through any body corporate,     directly or indirectly holds more than 10% of the outstanding equity shares of the             
        company.

FOR SWEAT EQUITY
a)      A permanent employee of the company who has been working in India or outside India, for at least one year; or
b)      A director of the company, whether a whole time director or not; or
c)     An employee or a director as defined in sub-clauses (a) or (b) above of a subsidiary, in India or outside India, or of a holding company of the company.

Monday 24 August 2015

MICRO SMALL & MEDIUM SCALE ENTERERPISES REGISTRATION & BENEFITS UNDER MSMED ACT

The Micro Small & Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act 2006 was become operational from 2nd October 2006.  The Act replaces the concept of “Industry” with “Enterprises”.
Consequent to the implementation of this act, SSI Registration process has been dispensed with. The entrepreneur files the Entrepreneur Memorandum and gets an acknowledgement..

Micro Small and Medium enterprises are defined as below:


CATEGORY
Investment in Plants & Machinery(Manufacturing Units)
Investment in Equipment  (Service Sector)
MICRO
Up to Rs 25 Lacs
Up to Rs 10 Lacs
SMALL
Rs 25 Lacs ≤ Rs 500 Lacs
Rs 10 Lacs ≤ Rs 200 Lacs
MEDIUM
Rs 500 Lacs ≤ Rs1000 Lacs
Rs 200 Lacs ≤ Rs 500 Lacs

Further, as per the said notification, the following are excluded while calculating the investment in plant & machinery:
·         Equipments such as tools, jigs, dies, moulds and spare parts for maintenance and the cost of consumable stores;
·         Installation expenditure for plant & machinery;
·         Research & development equipment and pollution control equipment;
·         Power generation set and extra transformer installed by the
·         enterprise as per the regulations of the state electricity board;
·         Bank charges and service charges paid to the national small industries corporation of the state small industries corporation;
·         Procurement or installation of cables, wiring, bus bars, electricalcontrol panels (not mounted on individual machines), oil circuitbreakers or miniature circuit breakers which are necessarily to be used for providing electrical power to the plant & machinery or for safety measures;
·         Gas producer plants;
·         Firefighting equipment;
·         Transportation charges (excluding sales-tax or value added tax and excise duty) for indigenous machinery from the place of their manufacture to the site of the enterprise;
·         Charges paid for technical know-how for erection of plant & machinery and
·         Such storage tanks which store raw materials and finished products only and are not linked with the manufacturing process.
·         Investment in land, building, vehicles, furniture & fixtures, office equipments etc. shall not be considered in determining the threshold limits of plant & machinery or equipment as the case may be.

Filing of Memoranda by MSMEs for registration                                    
·         Process of two - stage registration of Micro & Small Enterprises dispensed with & replaced by filing of memoranda.
·         Filing of memorandum optional for all Micro & Small Enterprises.
·         Filing of memorandum optional for service sector Medium Enterprises.
·         Filing of memorandum mandatory for  manufacturing  sector Medium Enterprises

Benefits of Micro Small and Medium enterprises are defined as below:

Act
Benefits
Micro

Small

Medium



Applicability(Yes/No)
Chapter V of the act
Protection against delayed payments by buyers of goods/services.
(Like Payment in 45 Days, Interest on delayed payment @ 3 times of bank rate notified by RBI, In case of dispute Reference to Micro and Small Enterprises Facilitation Council, Disclosure Requirement to specify unpaid amount with interest in the annual statement of accounts.)
Yes
Yes
No
Sec 9 of the Act
Central Governments measures for promotion and development of MSME.
(Like development of skill in the employees, management and entrepreneurs, provisioning for technological upgradation, providing marketing assistance or infrastructure facilities and cluster development of such enterprises with a view to strengthening backward and forward linkages)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sec 10 of the act
Credit facilities.
(Like RBI’s progressive credit policies for ensuring timely and smooth flow of credit, minimise the incidence of sickness among and enhance the competitiveness of such enterprises)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sec 11 of the Act
Procurement Preference policies notified by
Central/ state government
(Like procurement of goods and services, produced and provided by micro and small enterprises, by its Ministries or departments, as the case may be, or its aided institutions and public sector enterprises.)
Yes
Yes
No
Sec 12 of the Act
Funding Facilities or Grants by Central Government.
(Like after due appropriation made by Parliament by law in this behalf, credit to the Fund or Funds by way of grants for the purposes of this Act, such sums of money as that Government may consider necessary to provide)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sec 25 of the act
Simplified exit scheme (winding up the business) but NA to companies
Yes
Yes
Yes